Vaccination is one of the greatest achievements of public health. Within the last decades, many infectious diseases have been controlled because of immunization of the general population especially of children. However, some parents are still not aware of the benefits of the vaccination and are even worried about the health risks. If you are one of them, this article will clear some of your apprehensions about it.

Benefits

Vaccination does not only protect the individual but the people around him. When one gets vaccinated, he reduces the risk of exposing other people from infectious diseases. With only an average cost of $20, a child can be fully immunized from many diseases. If you will compare the amount to the potential cost of hospitalization and medication and even the life of the child, the amount is too small.

Risks

The possible risks of vaccination are very rare and mostly insignificant if you compare the advantages. Common side-effects include abscess from the injection site and slight fever. Although there are some claims relating autism with immunization, there are still no direct studies to prove such claims.

Since prevention is still better than cure, vaccination remains to be the crowning glory of public health works. As a parent, you can weigh the advantages and disadvantages of immunization if you are unsure of what to do.

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Introduction

Anxiety is defined as the fear of the unknown and a feeling of an impending doom. It is a warning sign for possible anxiety disorder if not treated and attended to. Studies show that during anxiety, norepinaphrine, a neurotransmitter that causes alertness and nervousness, is elevated which causes the gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), a calming neurotransmitter, to decrease.

Levels of Anxiety

Anxiety is ranked into four levels; mild, moderate, severe and panic. Mild level of anxiety is healthy. At this level, perceptual field is heightened, pupils dilate to accommodate as much, hearing and smell intensified, and sense of touch is highly sensitive. The individual is highly alert and attentive, and learning and cognition is in best state.

Moderate level of anxiety, on the other hand, is unhealthy. The perceptual field of a person at this level is narrowed. Individuals experiencing this level of anxiety have selective inattention. They have decreased focus and automatism can be observed as repetitive purposeless movements such a shaking of hands and feet, twirling of hair, and tapping of fingers.

Severe level of anxiety is characterized by reduced perceptual field and a difficulty in communication. Gross motor movements such as pacing are another characteristic sign of people at this stage. It is important that health care givers provide a safe and secured environment for the individual. Communication and sentences should be kept short and simple since communication is altered.

The worst and most severe level of anxiety is panic. Total disruption of perceptual field is present. It is also characterized by loss of ability to communicate, loss of rational thought and total loss of conscious thinking. Provision of save and secured environment is the priority care for individuals in such state.

Anxiolytics

Anxiolytics, also known as minor tranquilizers, are drugs to reduce anxiety by increasing GABA. Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam (Valium) and Librium, are the usual forms of anxiolytics. Buspar may also be prescribed. Anxiolytics are given cautiously for it may develop dependence.

Since anxiolytics are minor tranquilizers, they cause central nervous system depression. Sedation, blurred vision and decreased reflexes expose individuals taking anxiolytics to possible injury and accidents. This is the reason that these individuals should not drive, handle heavy machineries or travel alone. Safety is utmost priority.

Caffeine and alcohol are to be avoided while in anxiolytic therapy. Caffeine is a stimulant which antagonizes the action of anxiolytics. Alcohol, on the other hand, is a depressant which may cause dependence and addiction. In cases that dependency develop, gradually decrease doses of anxiolytics and do not stop abruptly to lessen, if not prevent, symptoms of withdrawal.

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There are several classes of drugs use as anti- hypertensive drugs and each class has different mechanisms of action to lower blood pressure.

Diuretics – These agents increase urine volume or output.  One factor that causes hypertension is the high level of sodium in the blood. Usually diuretics are combined with other drugs to achieve the ideal level of blood pressure.

Calcium channel blockers – This class of anti- hypertensive drugs are the most trusted to lower blood pressure.  Their therapeutic action involves the prevention of calcium entry into the cardiac and smooth muscle and in turn decreases blood pressure.

Vasodilators- These agents directly dilate blood vessels to lower blood pressure. They are indicated for severe hypertension.

The anti-lipidemics or anti-cholesterol drugs- High cholesterol level in the blood is one of the major causes of hypertension. Fat deposits in blood vessels cause atherosclerosis or the hardening of veins. These agents exert their effect by binding with cholesterol or triglycerides that circulates within the blood stream and facilitates their excretion.

There are still other classes of drugs that lower high blood pressure, their effectiveness varies from person to person.  You can evaluate the effectiveness of anti- hypertensive drugs by simply monitoring its effect on the blood pressure. If the blood pressure becomes normal, then it is effective.

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The process of manufacturing a drug substance involves several stages before it can be marketed and one area of such importance is the implementation of drug laboratory quality control. Standard operating procedures of drug manufacturing include quality check and quality assurance from the raw materials used to the finished products. It includes the checking of the specification standards of raw materials, packaging and labeling materials, and the random sampling of finished products.

Drug laboratory quality control is an assurance check that all drugs being manufacture pass quality standards set by different drug regulatory boards.  Quality control is necessary in every phase of drug development. The most important purpose of quality control in drug manufacturing is to make sure that the public can avail of safe and therapeutically effective medicines.

The impact of poor drug laboratory quality control will be low quality drugs or below standard quality medicines. This can lead to:

Lack or minimal therapeutic effect – If drugs have not gone quality checks, the major consequence is that they cannot exert their maximum therapeutic effects. The active constituent content of the drug may be minimal or does not comply with the labeled claim of the drug.

Adverse or toxic effects may occur- The worst result of poor quality control can result to death because of the drugs adverse effects or toxicities brought about by poor aseptic techniques implemented in the production process.

Loss of credibility of the drug firm- Poor quality drug can backfire to the company that manufactured them.  If drug laboratory quality control protocols are not followed, drug regulatory boards can order closure of the company.

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In the desire to reduce the risks of stroke and heart attacks, anticholestrol drugs are prescribed to lower bad cholesterol level. Patients taking anticholesterol drug must be given precautionary measure before taking the drug and must be aware of the side effects of anticholestrol drugs to prevent possible undesirable effects of the drug.

Gastrointestinal Side effects of Anticholesterol Drugs

-          Constipation

-          Diarrhea

-          Heartburn

-          Abdominal pain

-          Black stool

Hepatic Side effects of Anticholesterol Drugs

-          Liver dysfunction, rarely causing mild hepatitis. Patients with liver disease should undergo liver function tests before the treatment

Muscular Side effects of Anticholesterol Drugs

-          Leg cramps

-          Myopathy or muscle damage

-          Rhabdomyolysi, fatal muscle damage caused by chemical, biological and physical factors

-          Unexplained muscle tenderness and weakness

-          Deformation of facial muscle

-          Increased in muscle movement

Neurologic Side effects of Anticholesterol Drugs

-          Loss of sensation in the lower extremities such as hands and feet

-          Headaches

-          Difficulty falling asleep

-          Polyneuropathy, simultaneously malfunctions of the peripheral nerves

-          Memory lost or disturbed

-          Back pain

-          Change in eye sight

-          Dysgeusia, lack of taste sensation

-          Depression

-          Lack of movement coordination

Renal Side effects of Anticholesterol Drugs

-          Fluid retention, accumulation of fluid within tissues of the body

-          Kidney failure, the kidney’s filtering system is damaged due to clogged muscle fibers

-          Urinary problems
Many of the side effects of anticholesterol drugs are dose dependent, it is very important to notify the doctor immediately if you experience some of the side effects. Balanced diet, exercise and weight loss are some of the important things to be considered in controlling the level of bad cholesterol in the body. We only take anticholesterol drugs when the natural remedies fail to lower the level of cholesterol in the body.

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There are several classes of drugs use as anti- hypertensive drugs and each class has different mechanisms of action to lower blood pressure.

Diuretics – These agents increase urine volume or output. One factor that causes hypertension is the high level of sodium in the blood. Usually diuretics are combined with other drugs to achieve the ideal level of blood pressure.

Calcium channel blockers – This class of anti- hypertensive drugs are the most trusted to lower blood pressure. Their therapeutic action involves the prevention of calcium entry into the cardiac and smooth muscle and in turn decreases blood pressure.

Vasodilators- These agents directly dilate blood vessels to lower blood pressure. They are indicated for severe hypertension.

The anti-lipidemics or anti-cholesterol drugs- High cholesterol level in the blood is one of the major causes of hypertension. Fat deposits in blood vessels cause atherosclerosis or the hardening of veins. These agents exert their effect by binding with cholesterol or triglycerides that circulates within the blood stream and facilitates their excretion.

There are still other classes of drugs that lower high blood pressure, their effectiveness varies from person to person. You can evaluate the effectiveness of anti- hypertensive drugs by simply monitoring its effect on the blood pressure. If the blood pressure becomes normal, then it is effective.

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Persons who are into this medication must have knowledge of the side effects of zocor to understand better the therapeutic implication of this drug.

The most common are the following:

Gastro-intestinal effects such as abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, flatulence, dyspepsia and vomiting.  Patients in zocor medication can experience one or two of these abdominal upsets.

Central Nervous System effects such as headache, nausea, dizziness, peripheral neuropathy are also very common side effects of zocor. Bed rest can lessen the said side effects.

Allergic reactions that include rash, pruritis, and hypersensitivity reactions may pose some danger depending on their severity. Stop medication of Zocor immediately if hypersensitivity reactions occur.

Skeletal muscle effects that include cramps, myalgia, and myopathy.  Refrain from doing physical activities while in Zocor medication for a feeling of body weakness can occur.

Jaundice, hepatitis, memory impairment, insomnia, and rhabdomyolysis are the rare adverse reactions of zocor.

Drugs used to lower cholesterol levels are not diminished of side effects, zocor, which belong to the statins, may have unwanted effects, but the therapeutic efficacy should not be ignored.  Adverse drug reactions will always be part of the therapeutic regimen of every drug. Lifetime medication of zocor is sometimes necessary, awareness of the different side effects of zocor is necessary to practice caution.

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